Circuit Manipulation and Simulation¶
Introduction¶
Quantum circuits are modeled in QuaEC by a sequence type, qecc.Circuit
,
that stores zero or more circuit elements, known as locations. Each location
has a kind that indicates if it is a gate, measurement or preparation
location, as well as which gate, which measurement or which preparation is
indicated.
Creating a qecc.Location
instance consists of specifying the kind of
location along with a sequence of indices indicating which qubits that location
acts upon.
>>> import qecc as q
>>> loc = q.Location('CNOT', 0, 2)
The qecc.Location.as_clifford()
method allows converting gate locations
back into a qecc.Clifford
representation if applicable.
>>> print loc.as_clifford()
XII |-> +XIX
IXI |-> +IXI
IIX |-> +IIX
ZII |-> +ZII
IZI |-> +IZI
IIZ |-> +ZIZ
When creating a qecc.Circuit
, you may specify each location either as
an instance of qecc.Location
or as a tuple of arguments to qecc.Location
’s constructor.
>>> circ = q.Circuit(('CNOT', 0, 2), ('H', 1), ('X', 0))
Printing a circuit or location results in that instance being represented in the QuASM format, a plaintext representation of quantum circuits.
>>> print loc
CNOT 0 2
>>> print circ
CNOT 0 2
H 1
X 0
The number of qubits, depth and size of each location and circuit can be found
by querying the appropriate properties of a qecc.Location
or qecc.Circuit
:
>>> print loc.nq
3
>>> print circ.nq, circ.depth, circ.size, len(circ)
3 2 3 3
Once constructed, a qecc.Circuit
can be transformed in several ways,
including simplifications and representations in terms of depth-1 subcircuits.
>>> circ = q.Circuit(('CNOT', 0, 2), ('H', 1), ('X', 0), ('H', 1))
>>> print circ
CNOT 0 2
H 1
X 0
H 1
>>> print circ.cancel_selfinv_gates()
CNOT 0 2
X 0
>>> circ = q.Circuit(('CZ', 0, 2), ('H', 1), ('X', 0))
>>> print circ.replace_cz_by_cnot()
H 2
CNOT 0 2
H 2
H 1
X 0
>>> print "\n --\n".join(map(str, circ.group_by_time()))
H 2
--
CNOT 0 2
--
H 2
H 1
X 0
Note that, except for qecc.Circuit.group_by_time()
, each of these
transformations mutates the circuit, so that the original circuit is lost.
>>> print circ
H 2
CNOT 0 2
H 2
H 1
X 0
If a circuit consists entirely of Clifford gate locations, then its entire
action may be represented as a qecc.Clifford
instance:
>>> circ = q.Circuit(('CZ', 0, 2), ('H', 1), ('X', 0))
>>> print circ.as_clifford()
XII |-> +XIZ
IXI |-> +IZI
IIX |-> -ZIX
ZII |-> -ZII
IZI |-> +IXI
IIZ |-> +IIZ
Finally, circuits can be exported to QCViewer files (*.qcv
) for easy
integration with QCViewer’s functionality.
>>> print circ.as_qcviewer()
.v q1 q2 q3
.i q1
.o q1
BEGIN
Z q1 q3
H q2
X q1
END
Note that, by default, qubits in the QCViewer export are named “q1”, “q2” and so
on. This may be overriden by passing a sequence of strings as the
qubit_names
argument. Which qubits get assigned to the .i
and .o
headers in the QCViewer file are controlled by the inputs
and outputs
arguments, respectively.
>>> print circ.as_qcviewer(inputs=(0,), outputs=(0,), qubit_names=["in1", "anc1", "anc2"])
.v in1 anc1 anc2
.i in1
.o in1
BEGIN
Z in1 anc2
H anc1
X in1
END
qecc.Location
: Class representing locations in a circuit¶
Class Reference¶
-
class
qecc.
Location
(kind, *qubits)[source]¶ Represents a gate, wait, measurement or preparation location in a circuit.
Note that currently, only gate locations are implemented.
Parameters: -
KIND_NAMES
= ['I', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'H', 'R_pi4', 'CNOT', 'CZ', 'SWAP']¶ Names of the kinds of locations used by QuaEC.
-
static
from_quasm
(source)[source]¶ Returns a
qecc.Location
initialized from a QuASM-formatted line.Return type: qecc.Location
Returns: The location represented by the given QuASM source.
-
kind
¶ Returns a string defining which kind of location this instance represents. Guaranteed to be a string that is an element of
Location.KIND_NAMES
.
-
qubits
¶ Returns a tuple of ints describing which qubits this location acts upon.
-
nq
¶ Returns the number of qubits in the smallest circuit that can contain this location without relabeling qubits. For a
qecc.Location
loc
, this property is defined as1 + max(loc.nq)
.
-
is_clifford
¶ Returns
True
if and only if this location represents a gate drawn from the Clifford group.
-
wt
¶ Returns the number of qubits on which this location acts.
-
as_clifford
(nq=None)[source]¶ If this location represents a Clifford gate, returns the action of that gate. Otherwise, a
RuntimeError
is raised.Parameters: nq (int) – Specifies how many qubits to represent this location as acting upon. If not specified, defaults to the value of the nq
property.Return type: qecc.Clifford
-
as_qcviewer
(qubit_names=None)[source]¶ Returns a representation of this location in a format suitable for inclusion in a QCViewer file.
Parameters: qubit_names – If specified, the given aliases will be used for the qubits involved in this location when exporting to QCViewer. Defaults to “q1”, “q2”, etc. Return type: str Note that the identity (or “wait”) location requires the following to be added to QCViewer’s
gateLib
:NAME wait DRAWNAME "1" SYMBOL I 1 , 0 0 , 1
-
relabel_qubits
(relabel_dict)[source]¶ Returns a new location related to this one by a relabeling of the qubits. The relabelings are to be indicated by a dictionary that specifies what each qubit index is to be mapped to.
>>> import qecc as q >>> loc = q.Location('CNOT', 0, 1) >>> print loc CNOT 0 1 >>> print loc.relabel_qubits({1: 2}) CNOT 0 2
Parameters: relabel_dict (dict) – If i is a key of relabel_dict, then qubit i will be replaced by relabel_dict[i] in the returned location. Return type: qecc.Location
Returns: A new location with the qubits relabeled as specified by relabel_dict.
-
qecc.Circuit
: Class modeling arrangements of locations¶
Class Reference¶
-
class
qecc.
Circuit
(*locs)[source]¶ -
-
nq
¶ Returns the number of qubits on which this circuit acts.
-
size
¶ Returns the number of locations in this circuit. Note that this property is synonymous with
len
, in thatlen(circ) == circ.size
for allqecc.Circuit
instances.
-
depth
¶ Returns the minimum number of timesteps required to implement exactly this circuit in parallel.
-
static
from_quasm
(source)[source]¶ Returns a
qecc.Circuit
object from a QuASM-formatted file, producing one location per line.
-
as_quasm
()[source]¶ Returns a representation of the circuit in an assmembler-like format. In this format, each location is represented by a single line where the first field indicates the kind of location and the remaining fields indicate the qubits upon which the location acts.
>>> import qecc as q >>> circ = q.Circuit(('CNOT', 0, 2), ('H', 2), ('SWAP', 1, 2), ('I', 0)) >>> print circ.as_quasm() CNOT 0 2 H 2 SWAP 1 2 I 0
-
as_qcviewer
(inputs=(0, ), outputs=(0, ), qubit_names=None)[source]¶ Returns a string representing this circuit in the format recognized by QCViewer.
Parameters:
-
as_qcircuit
(C=None, R=None)[source]¶ Typesets this circuit using the Qcircuit package for .
Parameters: Return type: Returns: A string containing source code for use with Qcircuit.
-
as_clifford
()[source]¶ If this circuit is composed entirely of Clifford operators, converts it to a
qecc.Clifford
instance representing the action of the entire circuit. If the circuit is not entirely Clifford gates, this method raises aRuntimeError
.
-
cancel_selfinv_gates
(start_at=0)[source]¶ Transforms the circuit, removing any self-inverse gates from the circuit if possible. Note that not all self-inverse gates are currently supported by this method.
Parameters: start_at (int) – Specifies which location to consider first. Any locations before start_at
are not considered for cancelation by this method.
-
replace_cz_by_cnot
()[source]¶ Changes all controlled- gates in this circuit to controlled-NOT gates, adding Hadamard locations as required.
-
group_by_time
(pad_with_waits=False)[source]¶ Returns an iterator onto subcircuits of this circuit, each of depth 1.
Parameters: pad_with_waits (bool) – If True
, each subcircuit will have wait locations added such that every qubit is acted upon in every subcircuit.Yields: each depth-1 subcircuit, corresponding to time steps of the circuit
-
pad_with_waits
()[source]¶ Returns a copy of the
qecc.Circuit
self
, which contains explicit wait locations.
-
relabel_qubits
(relabel_dict)[source]¶ Returns a new circuit related to this one by a relabeling of the qubits. The relabelings are to be indicated by a dictionary that specifies what each qubit index is to be mapped to.
>>> import qecc as q >>> loc = q.Location('CNOT', 0, 1) >>> print loc CNOT 0 1 >>> print loc.relabel_qubits({1: 2}) CNOT 0 2
Parameters: relabel_dict (dict) – If i is a key of relabel_dict, then qubit i will be replaced by relabel_dict[i] in the returned circuit. Return type: qecc.Circuit
Returns: A new circuit with the qubits relabeled as specified by relabel_dict.
-
Functions Acting on qecc.Circuit
¶
-
qecc.
propagate_fault
(circuitlist, fault)[source]¶ Given a list of circuits representing a list of timesteps (see
qecc.Circuit.group_by_time()
) and a Pauli fault, propagates that fault through the remainder of the time-sliced circuit.Parameters: - circuitlist (list) – A list of
qecc.Circuit
instances representing the timesteps of a larger circuit. - fault (qecc.Pauli) – A Pauli fault to occur immediately before timestep
timestep
. - timestep (int) – The timestep immediately following when the fault to be propagated occured.
Return type: Returns: The effective fault after propagating
fault
through the remainder ofcircuitlist
.- circuitlist (list) – A list of
-
qecc.
possible_faults
(circuit)[source]¶ Takes a sub-circuit which has been padded with waits, and returns an iterator onto Paulis which may occur as faults after this sub-circuit.
Parameters: circuit (qecc.Circuit) – Subcircuit to in which faults are to be considered.
-
qecc.
possible_output_faults
(circuitlist)[source]¶ Gives an iterator onto all possible effective faults due to 1-fault paths occuring within
circuitlist
, assuming it has been padded with waits.Parameters: circuitlist (list) – A list of qecc.Circuit
instances representing timesteps in a larger circuit. Seeqecc.Circuit.group_by_time()
.Yields: qecc.Pauli
instances representing possible effective faults due to 1-fault paths within the circuit represented bycircuitlist
.